Causes, Effects And Implications Of Sibling Incest

Causes, Effects And Implications Of Sibling Incest This literature review focuses on research that is related to sibling incest and discusses the causes, effects and implications that sibling incest has on the victim, perpetrator and the family. It focuses on the types of research that is conducted and the weaknesses and strengths of these studies. It also discusses further implications and suggestions for future research in regards to sibling incest. It is meant as a review of the types of research and how this affects our views on sibling incest and ways that we can improve future research to help those that are victims, perpetrators and impacted by sibling incest. Sibling Incest is a huge taboo in the US and an issue that is largely dismissed as something that is not experienced by the general population and occurs only in a very small amount of cases. After reading each of these articles, it has become clear that there is a significant lack of research regarding this particular form of family abuse. Much of what has been researched seems to contradict each other and are questions regarding this hidden taboo continue to go unanswered. When most people in the US think of incest, specifically sibling incest, they seem perplexed as to what causes this desire in people and how this plays out in a family. Sibling incest seems to be considered one of the highest forms of abuse within a family and needs to be researched so that we may begin to understand the full impacts this has on individuals and families. By researching and understanding this abuse more thoroughly we might be able to prevent future incest cases and help victims and perpetrators re cover from such a violent form of abuse. We might also be able to come to understand the full impacts of sibling incest and if our views as a country and our taboo against it holds true. Does sibling incest violate such basic psychological views and trusting relationships that might damage the victim more than any other type of family abuse? Thompson discussed why incest between siblings needs to be studied more than any other area (2009). The author described the sibling relationship in regards to incest and the effects the incest has on the victim and the family as a whole. Thompson sheds light on the families of sibling incest relationships and different theories that can begin to explain the family system and family response upon disclosure of the abuse. The author examines how blaming plays a part in the reactions to incest disclosure by the family, and how this affects the health and wellbeing of the victim. Thompson describes different coping mechanisms and the effectiveness of group therapy in the lives of incest victims. The author briefly discusses different theoretical frameworks that might aid in work dealing with female victims of incest. Thompson focuses on family systems theory and the relationships within the family. A group model is mentioned as a successful way to work through incest trauma and develop healthy coping strategies. Short-term and long-term group models are discussed in their benefits and disadvantages that each provide (Thompson, 2009). Kissing Your Sister The article Kissing Your Sister summarizes a study performed by three evolutionary psychologists, Debra Lieberman, John Tooby, and Leda Cosmides. The study sheds light as to what makes people avoid incest relations. The study was performed on 600 people and investigated their family histories and relationships. The study suggested that there are two main things that trigger us to avoid sexual relationships with our siblings. These triggers are the amount of time that the person spends with the childs mother at a young age and the amount of time the two spend living in the same house. According to the authors, these trigger two evolutionary processes that are beneficial to the survival of humans. Altruism and aversion to incest help individuals to survive by getting along and avoiding possible malfunctions in reproduction. Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors In the article, the authors discussed a study that was performed with 41 adults who experienced sibling incest. The research was done due to a significant lack of previous research in this specific area. Included in the study were men and women, perpetrators and victims. The sample consisted mostly of Caucasian working-class women with a mean age of 39 years old. They asked open-ended and closed-ended questions regarding the abuse, who started it, the duration, and disclosure. The report results reported several findings. It suggested that the average age difference was around 4 years with victims being, on average, around age 7 at onset and age 13 at the end of the abuse. The questions investigated several issues included who initiated the abuse and the threat of violence that is placed on the individual. The authors also investigated other sexual abuse experienced by the participants and the environment of the family, including any physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse experienc ed with other family members and non-family members. Sibling Incest within Violent Families: Children under 12 Seeking Nurture In the article, the author investigates possible causes that might lead to sibling incest including violent homes, neglect, and a need for love and nurture. The author suggests that violence in the home may influence a childs sexual identity and possibly influence the desire for incest. The author defines violent families, the concept of nurture, and sibling incest in order to create a picture of how they might interact and influence each other. The author uses anecdotal evidence to support her views that family violence may lead to a different sexual identity in the child and sibling incest desires. The author explores the process children exposed to violent families might go through. She recognizes the need for connection, comfort and nurture that the child has and suggests that they begin to look for this emotional connection in their siblings. She investigates the sexual progress and exploration that a child goes through from birth to adolescence and how this might be affected by family violence. The author discusses the possible effects of shame and how this might make a child more vulnerable to sibling incest. Findings of each study Sibling Incest: A model for group practice with adult female victims of brother-sister incest. Thompson argues that a long-term group model is best used when working with incest victims. Thompson ends the article pushing for a broader approach when investigating the lives and trauma of incest victims, looking at the way family dynamics and interactions play a part in leading to incest. Thompson recommends group therapy as a way to help victims feel understood and work through their coping skills as a group. Kissing Your Sister The authors interpret their results from their study on sibling incest to suggest that the amount of time the potential incest partner spent with you in the same roof and being raised by the same mother, predict the likelihood of incest behavior. The more time the stepsibling or sibling does spend in these conditions increase the likelihood that you will avoid incest acts. They also suggest that women are more likely to avoid sibling incest possibly due to the desire to reproduce healthy offspring. The authors suggest that aversion to sibling incest is strongest among siblings of the opposite sex. (Lieberman, Tooby, Cosmides, pg. 1) Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors The authors in this study were led to believe that the average age difference between perpetrators and victims was 4 years with the most cases of sibling incest experiences including fondling and having the siblings genitals rubbed on the subjects body. The study suggests that a majority (68.3%) of participants were coerced, threatened or bribed in order to force cooperation. (pg. 9) It suggested that more male participants believed the sexual experience was consensual. It also suggested that more abuse ended when the perpetrator left home, versus the victim. The majority of participants perceived themselves to be emotionally abused by being ridiculed, degraded or put down, emotionally neglected, or threatened with abuse. (pg. 10) The researchers discovered that disclosure of sexual abuse occurred almost rarely. The majority of participants also reported having sexual experiences with other family members. The study concluded that sibling incest can be long-lasting and frequently ent ails intercourse. In most cases the sexual behavior was coerced in some way. Parents were seldom aware of the abuse while it was occurring, and factors other than disclosure most often led to the incest ending. (pg. 13). Sibling Incest within Violent Families: Children under 12 Seeking Nurture According to the author, the effects of sibling incest can be traumatizing as the individual enters adulthood. The author believes as a result of her anecdotal evidence and researching thoughts on sexual exploration throughout childhood development, that the childs interpretation of sexual exploration might be altered due to the abuse and the childs search for another form of nurture in their environment. As the child develops their views on this will alter, in which case they might view their incest acts as disgusting and no longer normal, thus the adult undergoes significant psychological distress. The author suggests that according to the determinants model, a lack of social support and parental availability will leave the child at high risk for sibling incest, both as a perpetrator and victim. Strengths/Weaknesses of each study In the article Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors, there are so many elements that skew the findings of the researchers. First, the researchers interviewed both perpetrators and victims, making the title of the article very misleading. By interviewing perpetrators as well as victims, they are skewing the data to represent either higher or lower percentages in certain areas. The age difference between perpetrators and victims was skewed because they used all participants data as representing of the victim, and their counterpart as representing of the perpetrator, even though there were several individuals in the study that reported initiating the abuse. Several other misinterpretations of this data might have led to skewed findings and misunderstandings of sibling incest. Sibling Incest within Violent Families: Children under 12 Seeking Nurture presents some good suggestions and possible ideas on what might cause some forms of sibling incest. It presents good anecdotal evidence that might lead to very good research studies that will investigate this correlation in more depth. However, the anecdotal evidence and the mere opinions of the author are not enough to come to any conclusions about the correlation between family violence and sibling incest. It isnt enough to change therapy, prevention, and intervention in regards to sibling incest. These types of articles are great gateways that lead to further investigations of relationships and causes of many types of family violence and continue to be the start of research that hasnt been investigated yet. Conclusion It is clear that there needs to be much more researched in regards to sibling incest in order to understand the full dynamics and implications of this violation upon an individual. The articles that are mentioned above begin to address these issues, some of which actually addressed possible implications that sibling incest has on individuals. However, most of the research was targeted at causes of sibling incest. They all came to similar conclusions such as the perpetrator is generally about four years older than the victim. The only article that seemed to address the implications of abuse on individuals was Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors, and this even was very brief and concise. They suggested that victims might feel a sense of distrust towards the opposite sex as adults and feel uncomfortable in sexual relationships. Most studies performed open-ended and close-ended questions on adults that had experienced sibling incest as children. Thompson describes different ways to help victims cope with the abuse as adults by using group therapy and teaching coping mechanisms. The implications that these studies hold on further research of sibling incest are significant. Further research should be used to perform different types of studies and experiments including long-term studies. This becomes a challenge when usually sibling incest is not disclosed until the victim is an adult and much time has passed since the abuse. We should also focus our studies to discover exactly how sibling incest might impact the victims and the families throughout the lifetime and in the next generation. Although some of the research examined was thorough, it is important that we continue research on this subject matter in order to become confident of the causes and understand the family situations that might lead to abuse. Since some of the evidence is contradictory, it would be helpful to gain more insight with better designed studies and larger sample sizes. I hope that some of these articles encourage more research to be done on such a difficult topic to understand as sibling incest.

Job Redesign and Workplace Rewards Assessment Essay

Companies face monstrous difficulties in pulling in and holding an excellent and profitable workforce. Organizations are persistently searching for better approaches to keep their representatives fulfilled at all levels to bridle more noteworthy benefit and plans from individuals while keeping them spurred and euphoric. One true test inspected prior is the need to convert General Motors to be a considerably more beneficial and completely used association by examining the hourly workforce. This is an incredible change from the conventional â€Å"us versus them† mindset of the past between administration and the union. A few departments are connected to Job Redesign and Workplace Rewards Assessment. Among these offices is the human resource department. The position’s present significant parts, tasks, or responsibilities Human Resource Department (or HRD for short) includes the anticipating, advancement and administration of human assets. Human Resources Planning Human Resource Planning incorporates the estimation of staff numbers, classes, information, abilities and mentality of faculty obliged both in the prompt and long haul future; the allotment of assets to prepare and pay these staff; the correspondence of this data to mentors and chiefs. It likewise incorporates human assets approach, â€Å"where policy alludes to  explanations made by significant powers planned to guide the designation of assets and exertion†. (Moorman & Pick, undated: 10) HR Planning is basically concerned with future and long haul requirements for faculty, and guaranteeing that these match future wellbeing administration needs. HR Planning is typically completed at national and common levels. Some positions, for example, asset distribution and the determination of the prerequisites for master wellbeing administrations can be fairly carried out just at the focal level of an association or framework (Green, 1992). Notwithstanding, the more an administration is decentralized, the more provincial and locale chiefs may be required to do HR Planning. HR Planning has two fundamental steps: (a) Estimations of supply (or what we have) (b) Estimations of necessities (or what we require). These two steps ought to incorporate both quantitative and qualitative appraisals, and estimations of the abilities obliged and the benefit of present and anticipated personnel. There are diverse systems for assessing supply and prerequisites, for example, the needs-based and administration targets routines. Aptitudes and profit may be measured by techniques, for example, preparing needs evaluation, errand examination and employment outline, nursing workload study, execution assessment, supervision. Human Resources Training and Development Human Resource Training and Development incorporates all parts of the training and preparing of wellbeing work force (both essential and post-fundamental) to meet the prerequisites of the framework. In the writing it is regularly called human asset creation, which is a marginally dehumanizing term, which is really intended to situated it separated from the wide term of human asset improvement. Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) incorporates the work, maintenance and substitution, backing and advancement of staff. It assumes a urgent part in deciding the profit, and along these lines the scope of the wellbeing administrations framework. Anyone in charge of the administration of individuals in an organization is dependable somehow for HR Management. On the other hand, in bigger, more complex organization, a lot of HR Management will be done by a particular work force division. The Human Resource Department in outline manages the accompanying undertakings Recruitment The achievement of recruiters and vocation pros generally is measured by the amount of positions they fill and the time it takes to fill those positions. Recruiters who work in-house – instead of organizations that give selecting and staffing administrations – assume a key part in creating the boss’ workforce. They publicize job postings, source hopefuls, screen petitioners, and conduct preparatory interviews and direction contracting endeavors with supervisors in charge of making the last choice of applicants. Safety Working environment safety is a paramount element. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, bosses have a commitment to give a safe working environment to employees. One of the fundamental capacities of HR is to help work environment safety preparing and keep up governmentally ordered logs for working environment damage and casualty reporting. Also, HR safety and risk experts frequently work nearly with HR benefits pros to deal with the organization’s workers payment issues. Employee Relations In an unionized nature, the employee and work relations capacities of HR may  be joined and handled by a specialist or be totally separate capacities oversaw by two HR pros with particular skill in every territory. Employee relations is the HR discipline concerned with fortifying the executive employee relationship through measuring job satisfaction, employee engagement and determining work environment clash. Work relations capacities may incorporate creating administration reaction to union sorting out battles, arranging aggregate dealing understandings and rendering translations of labor party contract issues. Compensation and Benefits Like employee and work relations, the recompense and benefits capacities of HR frequently could be taken care of by one HR specialist with double ability. On the payment side, the HR capacities incorporate setting recompense structures and assessing aggressive pay practices. A comp and benefits specialist additionally may arrange group wellbeing scope rates with back up plans and direction exercises with the retirement funds reserve manager. Payroll might be a segment of the recompense and benefits area of HR; in any case, much of the time, businesses outsource such regulatory capacities as payroll. Compliance Compliance with work and vocation laws is a vital HR capacity. Rebelliousness can bring about working environment grievances focused around unfair employment practices, perilous working conditions and general dissatisfaction with working conditions that can influence productivity and eventually, profitability. HR staff must be mindful of government and state business laws, for example, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, the National Labor Relations Act and numerous different tenets and regulations. Training and Development Bosses give employees the essential tools for their prosperity which, by and  large, means giving new employees broad introduction training to help them move into another organizational culture. Numerous HR offices additionally give initiative training and expert improvement. Initiative training may be needed of recently contracted and advertised chiefs and administrators on areas, for example, execution administration and how to handle employee relations matters at the division level. Proficient advancement open doors are for employees searching for special open doors or employees who need to accomplish particular objectives, for example, completing a higher education. Projects, for example, educational cost support and educational cost repayment programs regularly are inside the domain of the HR training and advancement zone. Does the position develop a feeling of intrinsic motivation? Intrinsic and extrinsic sorts of motivation have been generally examined and the understanding of each has prompted extraordinary changes in how organizations run their organizations. It is clear that hourly employees have numerous extraordinary extrinsic inspirations however need intrinsic motivation in their job assignments which is a normal for our work culture. Changing the culture is one of the keys to enhancing motivation at that level of the organization in light of the fact that the best motivation happens when employees perform on the grounds that they need to and not on account of they are, no doubt made to do so. There are numerous sorts of motivation strategies that one can utilize when spurring compensation and to a lesser degree hourly employees. Elements, for example, solid communication, added obligation, accomplishment, recognition and progression are all variables that can persuade employees. Because of the union environment it is hard to spur hourly employees but what dependably works well is giving recognition. Mostly that is carried out by simply thanking employees for making an exceptional showing or providing for them gift testaments to a store or restaurant for a job well done. Current company-wide rewards and their effectiveness towards a motivating behavior The company has depended on exploration discoveries that when you utilize remunerates and disciplines as extrinsic sparks, you have a tendency to get just transient motivation, and short-lived results. On the other hand, when you under-stand the psychological standards that fuel motivation and discover approaches to connect them to your business goals, you can get individuals to much larger amounts of performance than you awhile ago thought possible – and you can manage this superior performance over the long haul. Exploration finds that what makes individuals exceptionally energetic in their work is not the same as what makes them simply fulfilled by their job conditions. It understands the psychological standards of intrinsic motivation are the way to building a culture of full duty. It therefore gives sufficient pay, great benefits, appealing surroundings, a charming manager, and so on, which wind up with fulfilled workers. It additionally gives obligation, recognition, inclusion, and test, and this takes their employees past their minor satisfaction and moves them to more elevated amounts of performance. Goal setting and the effectiveness of the goal system Goal setting with regard to HR position is chiefly used to quicken entrance into developing markets, enhance item quality and realize cost efficiencies The sorts of goals set contain mostly of those that are adapted towards expanded job satisfaction and productivity. This is carried out by considering the expenses and the risks involved. In spite of the ubiquity of goal setting, there is urging proof that paying little mind to great propositions and exertion, individuals and organizations reliably miss the mark regarding accomplishing their goals. As a rule, the issue is credited to the goal setter. Anyway the true issue may be in the adequacy of goal setting itself. In the early 2000’s, General  Motors for instance had set a goal to catch 29% of the American auto market. They even created corporate pins for individuals to wear with the number 29 on them. Doubtlessly they never accomplished that goal, and without a legislature bailout, might not have even survived. References 1. Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert E. (1999) Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. New York: Addison-Wesley 2. Liker, Jeffrey M. (2004) The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles From the World’s Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill 3. O’Reilly, Charles A., III and Pfeffer, Jeffrey (2000) Hidden Value. Harvard Business School Press

Buddhism In Countries

Buddhism is one of the most followed religions in the world. It ushered in Northeastern India in the late 500 B. C. as a monastic movement against the orthodox caste oriented Indian society. The world wide range of followers alters from 150 to 350 millions. Siddhartha Gautama founded this religion. Being a prince he lead a life of ample luxury and comfort. But no sooner did he realize the emptiness of his life; he renounced his pompous and pampered lifestyle and opted to embark on a journey to the ultimate destination to seek truth, enlightenment, and cycle of rebirths.Glenn Wallis cites a light philosophical insight on the teachings and idioms of Buddhism. A selected assimilation of 16 essential discourses extracted from more than 5000 Pali suttas of Buddhism. Wallis provides an illuminating insight analyzing in details the text containing Mahasattipatthana Sutta, Anapanasati Sutta, Sakunagghi Sutta, Culamalukya Sutta, Tevijja Sutta, Sabba Sutta, Kesamutti Sutta, Phenapindupama Sutt a, Anattalakkhana Sutta, Bhara Sutta, Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, Gotama Sutta, Parayana Sutta, Nibbuta Sutta, Sankhatalakkhana Sutta, and Asankhatalakkhana Sutta.This compilation is a useful text and a valuable source book citing the selected fundamental suttas elaborately versed with an eloquent introduction and fairly understandable notes. Glenn’s accessible translation of the Buddha’s doctrines to his followers had given an opportunity to the twenty-first century readers in the modern west to take lessons of life from the great teacher. The enlightened Buddha is a figure vastly acclaimed throughout Asia since millenniums for his great wisdom that enlightened mass illuminating the path to a meaningful life of satisfaction.Today, in the west his teachings are intensely adapted by adherents, psychologists, philosophers and physicists who find his doctrines on human situation lucidly descriptive and his recommended practice of meditation to be implemented in awakening to a situation with transparency and calm temperament. Buddha, the mythical figure is not an answer to a suffering seeker of relief; the optimum answer lays in the preached teachings of Siddhartha Gautama- an ordinary person who rose to be a great spiritual teacher. Buddhism emerged in crisis.Siddhartha Gautama, the royal youth one day started finding the worldly pleasures useless and threatening. His life started walking towards a destination to find a significant answer to the perturbed life of human race. On his path towards enlightenment he claims to have discovered a noticeable aspect which was capable of dealing with Life’s problems. The Pali cannon contain two classical sutras which supports this discovery. The sutras are – â€Å"Quenched† and â€Å"Destination†. Glenn summarized sixteen suttas from the five thousand Pali dialects.The two most popular discourses of Pali Cannon from the Theravada Buddhism are the Satipatthana Sutta and the Mahasatt ipatthana sutta. This sutta is accepted and provides a potential practice to â€Å"mindfulness†. Buddha defines this Sutta in four parts for establishing mindfulness (Sattipatthana): body, sensations (or feelings), mind (or consciousness) and mental contents: Kaya (body): ? Breathing ? Postures (Walking, Standing, Sitting, Lying Down) ? Clarity of understanding ? Thoughtful approach towards repulsiveness of the Body ? Thoughtfulness over Material Elements ? Cemetery meditationsFeelings (sensations): †¢ Satisfactory or unsatisfactory or feelings of neutrality. †¢ Materialistic or spiritual feelings Chitta (Mind/Consciousness) ? Passionate desire(saragam) or non passionate (vitaragam) ? Hatred or aversion(sadosam) or without hatred (vitadosam) ? False self belief (samoham) or not delusive (vitamoham) ? Contracted (sankhittam) or dispersed (vikkhittam) ? Nobility (mahaggatam) or without nobility (amahaggatam) ? Outstanding (sa-uttaram) or unsurpassed (anuttaram) ? disc reet (samahitam) or indiscreet (asamahitam) ? released (vimuttam) or unreleased (avimuttam)(Dhamma) Mental Contents ? The five obstructions ? The Aggregates (skandha) of clinging (upadana). ? The Sense-Bases (Atayana) and their Fetters. ? The seven factors of Enlightenment. ? The four noble Truths. The Anapanasati Sutta (Breath – mindfulness) illustrates the detailed instructions of the Buddha on the practice of using breadth (anapana) as a focus of mindfulness (sati) meditation. The discourse leads to a sixteen step procedure to develop mental concentration. The destination is to forge to be insightful and understandable regarding the Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Satipahana), the Seven Factors of Awakening (Bojjhangas), and finally Nibbana. The Anapanasati Sutta is an acclaimed text in Theravada Buddhism. Theravada Pali Cannon represents this as the 118th discourse in the Majjhima Nikaya. Buddha defines mindfulness of the breath to be developed and repeatedly practiced t o receive fruitful benefits in life leading to clarity of vision and deliverance. The path to be traced to reach this destination follows: †¢ Excelling in Breath mindfulness (Pali: anapanasati) aids to the perfection of the four Foundations of Mindfulness (satipatthana).†¢ The perfection of the Seven Factors of Enlightenment (Bojjhanga) is the result of developing The Four Foundations of Mindfulness. †¢ Development in The Seven Foundations of Enlightenment aids to clarity vision and deliverance. According to Jataka, the Sakunagghi sutta relates a story which goes on like this: The Bodhisattva once reincarnated as a quail and was snatched one day by a falcon. Its then that the quail lamented on not being in the feeding ground of his own people, he felt his suffering was due to his diversion from his fellow beings.The proud falcon let the Quail go saying that he is capable of seizing him from any situation or place. The quail grabbed the opportunity and fled back and pe rched on an immense lump of earth and challenged the Falcon. The falcon took an attempt to swoop down to get hold of the quail, but dashed to pieces against the clod as the Quail efficiently took a sharp turn over. Sakunagghi Sutta is the name given in the Uddana of the Samayutta. It is the introductory Jataka of the Sutta. A monk must be attached spiritually to his own pasture ground, his own possession, his native beat (pettikavisaya) – e.g. the four Satipattanas. Lust is the result of getting incited through passion fraught of objects, sounds etc. Jataka was related through the preaching of the Sakunovada Sutta. Culamalukya Sutta was delivered at Savatthi to the Bhikkhu Malukya. One afternoon the vulnerable Bhikkhu Malukya interrupted Buddha’s meditation to clarify his queries regarding the popular classical questions: How eternal is the universe, how similar is the soul and the body, is soul and body are different from one another, whether life ends after death or it still exists and so on.The blessed one, Buddha patiently replied and explained that these views do not regulate the practice of holy life. No matter what notion one creates its evident that there will be birth, ageing, decay, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and distress. Buddha made it clear that he teaches only about Dukkha- its cause, cessation and the way leading to its cessation. He assured Malukya to show the path of ultimate realization of truth. Tevijja Sutta is compiled as the thirteenth Sutta of the Digha Nikaya. This doctrine was preached to Vasettha and Bharadvaja when they visited the blessed one at Manasakata.The Buddha through detailed conversation educates them about the futility of the long procured notion that merely attaining knowledge of the three Vedas can be a leading channel to reunite with Brahma. Such union can be attained only by practicing the four Brahma-Viharas. When Buddha was on a tour through the kingdom of Kosala, two Brahmin youths had the privilege to meet him. They requested Buddha to settle their dispute as to how they could attain the path leading to companionship with the eternal Brahma. Each of them cultivated their own notion to be true, as shown by their own master.Buddha explained that none of their masters had happened to see Brahma, so they are blindfolded to precede the ever traced path of the unknown. He further helped them derive the true path that actually led to the Brahma realm, i. e. the path that kindled morality and concentration, and development of loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity for all sentient beings. According to the Sabbasava Sutta the blessed one put forward his message for the monks saying, fermentation ends when one knows and sees, but it is not relevant to one who does not know and does not see.This knowledge and sight is related to appropriate attention and inappropriate attention. A monk’s inappropriate attention arise unaccomplished fermentation, and arisen fermentation increases. But appropriate attention doesn’t leave space for unaccomplished fermentation to arise and abandon the arisen fermentation. This sutta proposes a process of eradication of few taints: strong desire tamed for acquiring sensual pleasure, desire for being and ignorance. These taints are eventually nurtured along with incorrect attentiveness causing defilements.Such defilement can be regulated through the seven method path of optimistic attribute: Observing or Seeing, Restraining, Using, Enduring, Avoiding, Removing and Developing. So says the Blessed one, â€Å"When you know for yourselves, ‘These things are wholesome; these things are blameless; these things are praised by the wise; these things, if undertaken and practiced, lead to welfare and happiness,’ then you should engage in them†. – Buddha Kesamutti Sutta is a well known discourse to the Kalamas is often related as the Buddha’s charter for Freedom of enqu iry.It can be found in the Book of threes in the gradual Sayings. Kesamutta was a business town of the Kalamas. This being an important part of the entire discourse, begins with Kalamas desirous to clarify how relevant are the doctrines that they have been hearing from various teachers. They wanted to know the truth as every teacher appreciates their own opinions and disparages the view point of others. Buddha clears their views by asking them to experiment every teaching and then imply them in their own life.But that doesn’t mean one should defy all teachings and prove to be a cynical materialist. This attitude would rather soar up unnecessary self esteem and reverse their urge to investigate any further. To conclude it states how an admirable disciple abides to defy covetousness, ill-will, and confusion, with an expanded morality nurturing love, kindness, compassion, sympathy, joy, and equanimity. This enriches his bliss and gears his happiness till eternity. To sum up, he is self assured and content.The Phenapindupama Sutta speaks about Rupa which is frothy in nature due to its instability, impermanency, and constantly rising and diminishing attribute. Hence it is not self, rather unrealistic. Vedana is truly comparable to an air bubble which is always unsustainable. Our life values various sensations similar to bubbles, vanishing in no time, impermanent, untrustworthy, the nature of Anicca, dukhha and anatta. Perception of sense apprehends whatever it visualizes, hears, smells, tastes, touches or knows are nothing but a mirage.Consideration of samana as a being, the gender difference is but a mere illusion like a mirage. Practically it is merely a phenomenon of incessant emerging and diminishing. Sankara, volitional activities, are similar to plantain trunks. Layers of fibrous materials constitute to form the plantain trunk without any substantial, solid inner core. Shankara is just like the plantain trunk without any inner substance. Consciousness has similarity with conjuror’s trick. It emerges and vanishes within no time. Consciousness arises devoid of ones desire, but as per condition of its own cause and circumstances.The Anattalakkhana Sutta (Pali, â€Å"not- self Characteristic Discourse†), also popular as the Pancavaggiya Sutta (Pali, â€Å"Group of Five Ascetics†), is considered to be the second discourse delivered by the Blessed Buddha. In this discourse Buddha dealt with the physical and mental human constituents and surfaces that they both are impermanent. (anicca), subject to suffering ( dukkha) and thus unfit for identification with the ‘self’ the soul (atta). The pali canon contains Anattalakkhana Sutta in the Samuyatta Nikaya (â€Å"Connected Collection†).This discourse happens to be a part of the Buddhist monastic code (Vinaya). The Bhara sutta can be illustrated as; human body being one of the Khandhas bears a heavy burden. Desire to serve it persists on carrying the h eavy burden. We are carrying the burden even when we feed or clothe ourselves. We are just mere servants to the wholesome matter (rupakkhandha). Along with the food and clothing we are responsible of maintaining the physical and psychological stability and scatter happiness. This service is towards the aggregate of feelings and sentiments ( vedanakkhandha).We are also liable to cater to the bodies hearing and visual needs and the wellness. Consciousness deals these concerns. Hence we are ultimately a servant to the aggregate of consciousness (vinnanakkhandha). The violation of activities (sankharakkhandha) and our temperament to do the unlawful to satisfy our desires also constitute to our burden. We also tend to bear the burden of aggregate perception (sannakkhandha) as this sense of human beings which train their faculties of mind and brain to retain knowledge and make it capable of realizing what is good and what is evil.Our desires on being good if satisfied finds tempted toward s evil and after committing a mistake we repent and unknowingly the burden adds on. Hence, Buddha declared the five aggregates of clinging (Upadanakkhandha) as a heavy burden. Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta is the first discourse that he delivered soon after attaining Enlightenment. He illustrated this Sutta to the group of five monks who accompanied him while practicing austerities in the forest for long years. This discourse contains significant teachings of the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.Hearing to this discourse, his disciple monk Kondanna attained the first stage of Enlightenment, hence giving rise to Ariya Sangha (Noble Sangha). This discourse is better known as the Dhammachakka Sutta or the Wheel of Dhamma discourse. The Gotama Sutta is an elaborate description that Buddha delivers to his disciples, reveals the path he traversed to attain the ultimate Enlightenment. He had some thoughts disturbing him throughout and he wanted an apparent release from death de cay and suffering that human race had been tolerating since long.Through Paryana Sutta Buddha teaches Goal, the ultimate destination and the path to be followed to attain it. It was so called because it leads to Nibbana (Nibbanasankhatam Param Ayanto Parayana Ti Laddhavoharam Dhammam). Nibbuta Sutta derives from human character of leading life noticeably beyond limit and quenching the desires he had nurtured whole life. It is the extraction of all the sacrifices a person does to achieve the ultimate goal. Nibbuta is the coolness which is derived by quenching of defilement, either by himself or by someone else.As this thirst is quenched only coolness persists. Sankhatalakkhana Sutta demonstrates how a person fabricates his wishes in life on not having achieved naturally. How he makes amends to illuminate his life and forget the failures. Where as Asankhatalakkana sutta displays a satisfactory life contended with whatever is provided naturally and does not keep his soul in disguise bu t demonstrate the true atma. Buddhism, a philosophical religion encompasses a variety of traditions beliefs and practices mainly based on the doctrines and preaching of Lord Buddha (the awakened one).The Blessed one resided in North eastern Indian subcontinent between the 6th and the 4th century B. C. he is considered to be an awakened teacher who shared his insight with his disciples to aid sentient beings end suffering (Dukkha) and achieve Nirvana. The religion is divided into two branches, The Theravada and The Mahayana. Both branches are found throughout the world. It is considered to be the world’s fourth largest religion with near about 500 million followers. In spite of being a royal character Siddhartha Gautama left behind the worldly pleasures to find a path that leads to an end to human sufferings.He attained his Enlightenment demolishing the fetters of his mind, under a Boddhi tree in Boddh Gaya, India. Through his doctrines (popularly known as Suttas) preached the reality of life through his Eight fold Paths and The Four Noble Paths. Buddha was an epitome of spirituality. Glenn Wallis had highlighted a descriptive insight of the sixteen Suttas which are always relevant to aid human life and inspire them to strive to end suffering. Glenn’s keen eye for the details is highly appreciable both for the resource and quality it resembles.

History Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish...

The Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rational for the Spanish conquest. The Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan was the campaign of the Spanish conquistadores against Postclassical Maya stares and polities specifically on the central Yucatan Peninsula. The Spanish†¦show more content†¦However, the prospects of new land and acquisition of labor forces made Spanish intentions turned to the Maya region that remained restive against the Spanish rule. Their discontentment in Yucatan later erupted into open revolt in the middle of 19th century. 2. Discuss the cultural changes that each group endured during colonization. Be sure to include specific changes that were made, by all groups, voluntarily as well as those that were the result of force (non-environmental). In addition, discuss the specific outcome of these changes and the impact they had on each group (where applicable). Here, be sure to discuss how the Maya and the Taino were able to continue with some of their respective cultural practices. There are cultural changes that both Mayans and Tainos endured during Spanish colonization. Tainos experienced sufferings and exploitations from the hands of the Spanish conquistadores, their being gentle and unsuspecting people have been subjected to unspeakable atrocities from their oppressors. The refusal of Tainos to Spanish conquest grew physically violent over time. Their resistance with sticks and stones has no match with guns and armors of the Spanish conquerors. This led to massive Spanish slave trade was they forced to do gold mining, providing sexual companionship and raising Spanish food. The refusalShow MoreRelatedHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A Hero Or Hero?1445 Words   |  6 Pageshe a hero or was he a villain? As attitudes change throughout the years and new discoveries are being made, history is constantly being rewritten. 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Although this seemed like a fair dealRead MoreHow Did Contact Between The European Arrivals And The Native Peoples Of The Americas Affect Both Groups?1545 Words   |  7 Pages How did contact between the European arrivals and the native peoples of the Americas affect both groups? Europeans brought to the Americas catastrophic diseases that killed millions and decimated native populations, who possessed no immunity to the illnesses. The Europeans also had deliberate policies of subjugation and extermination, by which they brutally tortured or murdered natives due to the Europeans history of brutality in war and their consideration of the natives as no more than savagesRead MoreA Very Great Change During The Francisco Pizarro s Journey1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe official history of America has been told us many things about history, in where were involved conquerors as Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro among others. The discovered of America is considered one of the most important events in the universal history. The great changes and consequences that the Conquest generated were diverse among the continent. The first journey around the world by Fernando de Magallanes and Sebastian El Cano opened a great view by the Spanish to start with